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World War II casualties
World War II was the deadliest military conflict in history in absolute terms of total dead.〔.〕 Over 60 million people were killed, which was about 3% of the 1940 world population (est. 2.3 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. Census BureauWorld Population Historical Estimates of World Population )〕). The tables below give a detailed country-by-country count of human losses. World War II fatality statistics vary, with estimates of total dead ranging from 50 million to more than 80 million. The higher figure of over 80 million includes deaths from war-related disease and famine. Civilians killed totalled 50 to 55 million, including 19 to 28 million from war-related disease and famine. Total military dead: from 21 to 25 million, including deaths in captivity of about 5 million prisoners of war.
Recent historical scholarship has shed new light on the topic of Second World War casualties. Research in Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union has caused a revision of estimates of Soviet war dead.〔Geoffrey A. Hosking (2006). "''(Rulers and victims: the Russians in the Soviet Union )''". Harvard University Press. p. 242. ISBN 0-674-02178-9〕 According to Russian government figures USSR losses within postwar borders now stand at 26.6 million.〔Michael Ellman and S. Maksudov, Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: a note – World War II – ''Europe Asia Studies'', July 1994.〕〔Andreev EM; Darsky LE; Kharkova TL, Population dynamics: consequences of regular and irregular changes. in Demographic Trends and Patterns in the Soviet Union Before 1991. Routledge. 1993. ISBN 0415101948〕 In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated Poland's dead at between 5.6 and 5.8 million.〔Wojciech Materski and Tomasz Szarota. ''Polska 1939–1945. Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami.''Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) Warszawa 2009 ISBN 978-83-7629-067-6〕 The historian Rüdiger Overmans of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office published a study in 2000 that estimated German military dead and missing at 5.3 million.〔Rüdiger Overmans. ''Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg''. Oldenbourg 2000. ISBN 3-486-56531-1〕
==Classification of casualties==
Compiling or estimating the numbers of deaths caused during wars and other violent conflicts is a controversial subject. Historians often put forward many different estimates of the numbers killed during World War II. The authors of the ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' maintain that "casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable."〔I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot ''Oxford Companion to World War II'' Oxford, 2005 ISBN 0-19-280670-X p. 290〕 The table below gives data on the number of dead for each country, along with population information to show the relative impact of losses. When scholarly sources differ on the number of deaths in a country, a range of war losses is given, in order to inform readers that the death toll is disputed. Since casualty statistics are sometimes disputed the footnotes to this article present the different estimates by official governmental sources as well as historians. Military figures include battle deaths (KIA) and personnel missing in action (MIA), as well as fatalities due to accidents, disease and deaths of prisoners of war in captivity. Civilian casualties include deaths caused by strategic bombing, Holocaust victims, German war crimes, Japanese war crimes, population transfers in the Soviet Union, other war crimes, and deaths due to war related famine and disease. The losses listed here are actual deaths, hypothetical losses due to a decline in births are not included with the total dead. The distinction between military and civilian casualties caused directly by warfare and collateral damage is not always clear cut. For nations that suffered huge losses such as the Soviet Union, China, Poland, Germany, and Yugoslavia, sources can give only the total estimated population loss caused by the war and a rough estimate of the breakdown of deaths caused by military activity, crimes against humanity and war-related famine. The casualties listed here include 19 to 25 million war-related famine deaths in the USSR, China, Indonesia, Vietnam, the Philippines, India that are often omitted from other compilations of World War II casualties.〔John W. Dower ''War Without Mercy'' 1986 ISBN 0-394-75172-8〕〔R. J. Rummel. '' China's Bloody Century ''. Transaction 1991 ISBN 0-88738-417-X〕 The footnotes give a detailed breakdown of the casualties and their sources, including data on the number of wounded where reliable sources are available.
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